Consent to Search

S-2018-952

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### COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS ### STATE OF OKLAHOMA ### CASE NO. S-2018-952 **THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA** Appellant, v. **JOHN GLENN MORGAN** Appellee. **OPINION** *Rowland, J.:* The State of Oklahoma charged John Glenn Morgan with possession of a controlled drug, unlawful possession of drug paraphernalia, and unsafe lane change. Following a motion to suppress evidence obtained during a warrantless search of Morgan's vehicle during a traffic stop, the district court granted the motion, resulting in the dismissal of two felony counts against Morgan. The State appeals this decision, claiming errors in the district court's evaluation of the traffic stop's duration, Morgan's consent to a search, the justification for continued detention, and the applicability of an independent source doctrine. **BACKGROUND** On September 5, 2018, Owasso Police Officer Josua Goins stopped Morgan after witnessing reckless driving. During the stop, a drug dog was brought to screen the vehicle. After the dog alerted, officers found methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia. The district court later ruled that the extended detention to wait for the drug dog was not supported by reasonable suspicion after the initial traffic violation was addressed. ### DISCUSSION #### Proposition 1: Proper Evaluation of Duration of the Stop The court acknowledges that any motorist has the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures under both the United States and Oklahoma Constitutions. A traffic stop should be limited to its purpose, and any extended detention must be justified through reasonable suspicion. The district court considered the duration of the stop and determined that once Officer Goins had administered necessary tests and checks, he had no basis for further detention and should have issued a citation. #### Proposition 2: Consent to Search and Duration Requirements The State argues that Morgan's consent to search the trailer should extend the permissible duration of the stop. Still, the court finds that the time spent inspecting the trailer after the sober tests and inspection does not justify further detention without any additional reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. #### Proposition 3: Justification for Extended Detention The State failed to provide sufficient justification for extending the detention beyond investigating the traffic violation. The details already addressed during the stop contradicted the necessity for prolonged inquiry based on Morgan's logbook, a secondary issue due to the unavailability of a trooper to assist. #### Proposition 4: Independent Source Doctrine The State contended that any evidence obtained during the illegal extension could be justified under the independent source doctrine; however, the trial court found no separate basis for the initial stop's extension that would legitimize the evidence obtained afterward. ### DECISION The Court affirms the district court's ruling to grant Morgan's motion to suppress. The evidence obtained during the extended stop is inadmissible, reinforcing the importance of adhering to constitutional protections against unreasonable search and seizure during traffic stops. **Affirmed**. **Concurrences**: Lewis, Kuehn, Lumpkin, Hudson. [Download PDF](https://opinions.wirthlawoffice.com/wp-content/uploads/S-2018-952_1734278226.pdf)

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S-2012-166

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In OCCA case No. S-2012-166, Moises Gonzales-Tello appealed his conviction for Aggravated Trafficking in Heroin. In an unpublished decision, the court decided to affirm the district court's ruling to suppress evidence gathered during a traffic stop. One judge dissented. The State of Oklahoma appealed a decision made by the district court. This decision was based on a traffic stop where law enforcement officers discovered evidence of a crime, but the evidence was later deemed inadmissible. The district court ruled that the stop had taken too long and that the officer did not have a proper reason to keep the suspect detained after the initial reason for the stop was completed. During the traffic stop, the officer noticed several unusual things that made him suspicious. He called for a drug-sniffing dog to come to the scene. Even though the officer asked for permission to search the car, he did not actually let the suspect leave and did not return his driver's license or paperwork. The dog arrived about 30 minutes after the stop began, but did not find anything. After the dog didn't indicate any signs of drugs, the officer conducted his own search and found a significant amount of heroin. The court looked closely at whether the officer had enough reason to continue holding the suspect after the initial reason for the traffic stop was accomplished. While the State argued that the officer's actions were justified, the court explained that to search a car without a warrant, an officer must have either permission from the owner or a strong reason to believe the car contains evidence of a crime. In this case, the dog did not find anything and the officer did not get enough proof that would justify a search. If there had been clear consent from the suspect for the search, the situation might have been different. However, the way the officer asked for consent made it seem as if the suspect did not truly have a choice. When the court reviewed the case, they found that the district court made a reasonable decision in ruling that the initial detention was too long and that the search was not justified. The State also argued against using the Exclusionary Rule, which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court. The court did not agree with the State on this argument, as they did not provide enough support for their claim. In summary, the court decided to maintain the district court's order to suppress the evidence found during the traffic stop, agreeing that the officers did not follow the correct procedures.

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S-2009-667

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In OCCA case No. S-2009-667, the State of Oklahoma appealed its conviction concerning Christy Anne Selders. In a published decision, the court decided to affirm the decision of the District Court of Tulsa County, which dismissed one of the charges against Selders. One judge dissented. The case began when Selders was charged with trying to make illegal drugs and also for defrauding a hotel. During the preliminary hearing, the judge had to decide if the police had a good reason to search Selders' hotel room and if they could use the evidence found there. After the State presented its case, Selders argued that the police search was not legal because they didn't have the right to enter the hotel room without proper permission. The judge agreed with Selders and decided to dismiss the charge related to manufacturing drugs, saying that the evidence was not strong enough to link Selders to the crime. The State didn't agree with this decision and decided to appeal, saying the judge made mistakes. They believed that Selders had given permission for the search and that there was enough evidence to try her. Another judge reviewed the case and eventually decided to uphold the original judge's decision. This judge agreed that the police may have thought they had permission to search, but still, they couldn’t prove that Selders was connected to any illegal activity in the hotel room. After reviewing everything, the court decided not to change the first ruling. They said that the dismissal of the charge was correct and that there was no abuse of discretion by the judges involved in the case. In the end, the court confirmed that the order to dismiss the charge against Selders was valid, meaning she would not face trial for that particular accusation.

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F-2008-832

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In OCCA case No. F-2008-832, George Robert Brewington appealed his conviction for possession of a controlled dangerous substance and other related charges. In a published decision, the court decided to affirm the convictions on some counts but reversed one count due to insufficient evidence. One judge dissented. Brewington was found guilty of possessing drugs near a public park and in the presence of a minor. The evidence showed that he had knowledge of the drugs and had control over them, which was enough for the court to uphold this part of the conviction. However, for another count related to the possession of drugs without a tax stamp, the evidence was not enough. Brewington only had a small amount of drugs, which didn’t meet the legal requirement needed for that charge. He also claimed that his lawyer didn’t do a good job by not trying to have certain evidence thrown out. The court determined that his lawyer was not ineffective because the evidence was gathered from a consented search. Therefore, there was no need to suppress the evidence as the search was legal. Overall, the court confirmed that Brewington's conviction for possession of a controlled dangerous substance was valid, but they reversed the conviction for having the drugs without a tax stamp and will correct the records to reflect the accurate law he was convicted under.

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S-2008-176

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In OCCA case No. S-2008-176, the State of Oklahoma appealed its case against a person charged with multiple crimes, including trafficking in cocaine and possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. The trial court had ruled that some evidence obtained from a locked safe in the motel room during the arrest should be suppressed, meaning it couldn't be used in court. The State argued two main points in its appeal. First, they believed the trial court made an error by not allowing a detective to share specific statements from a witness who gave permission to search the hotel room. Second, they thought the officers had the right to search the locked safe without needing a warrant. After looking closely at the case and the reasons for the trial court's decisions, the court concluded that the trial judge had done the right thing. It found that the trial court's rulings about hearsay, which refers to using second-hand information as evidence, were not wrong. The judges decided the officers should have obtained a warrant before searching that locked safe. The court affirmed, meaning they agreed with the trial court's decision to suppress the evidence from the safe. A judge dissented but the main ruling stood.

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F-2006-538

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In OCCA case No. F-2006-538, Manh Micahel Mach appealed his conviction for several drug-related offenses. In an unpublished decision, the court decided to reverse three of the convictions and affirmed the others. One member of the court dissented. Mach faced multiple charges, including unlawful possession of cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana with the intent to distribute, as well as failure to obtain a drug tax stamp, unlawful use of surveillance equipment, and possession of a firearm during a felony. He was sentenced to numerous years in prison and fines, with all sentences to be served one after the other. The court looked at several issues raised by Mach. First, they confirmed that he had waived his right to a jury trial knowingly. They also found that the police had reasonable suspicion to stop him, which led to a lawful search of his car after he consented. However, Mach's convictions for possessing cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana with the intent to distribute were seen as overlapping offenses. He was found guilty of only one violation for possessing these drugs for distribution, meaning the court reversed two of those drug convictions. The court also agreed with Mach that he was wrongly convicted for failing to obtain a tax stamp because there was no evidence presented about this charge. Thus, that conviction was reversed and dismissed. The evidence showed that Mach was guilty of using surveillance equipment to avoid police detection while selling drugs, so that conviction was affirmed. The court held that Mach's overall sentence was not excessive and within legal limits, leading to the conclusion that other convictions must remain as is. In summary, the court reversed and dismissed some convictions while affirming others based on their findings regarding the lawfulness of the search, evidence presented, and the nature of the offenses.

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F-2004-729

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In OCCA case No. F-2004-729, Candy Mae Easton appealed her conviction for Manufacturing Methamphetamine and Unlawful Possession of a Controlled Drug. In a published decision, the court decided to reverse her conviction for manufacturing methamphetamine but affirmed her conviction for unlawful possession of a controlled drug. One judge dissented concerning the reversal of the manufacturing charge. Candy Mae Easton was on trial after neighbors reported a strong smell related to methamphetamine coming from the home of her co-defendant. Officers investigating found evidence that suggested meth was being made in the house, including white powder and other materials commonly used to manufacture meth. Easton admitted to using meth, but she said she did not help make it. The court examined whether there was enough proof to show that Easton helped her co-defendant in making the drug. The majority opinion stated that just knowing about the manufacturing and using the drug doesn’t mean she encouraged or assisted in making it. The appellate court mentioned that encouragement must be shown by some action or words, which were not present in Easton’s case. As a result, Easton’s conviction for manufacturing meth was reversed, meaning she was found not guilty of that charge. However, the conviction for unlawful possession was upheld because her sentence and fine were within the legal limits and were not seen as too harsh. The dissenting opinion believed there was enough evidence to support that Easton aided in the manufacturing, and thus would have kept her conviction for that charge. The judges' roles were discussed in terms of assessing evidence and the credibility of decisions made by the trial judge, emphasizing that it isn’t their place to change those factual decisions based on their opinions. Ultimately, the case was sent back to be corrected only in terms of the record regarding the possession conviction, while the manufacturing conviction was dismissed.

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F-2003-1136

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In OCCA case No. F-2003-1136, Ernest Lynn appealed his conviction for Possession of Firearms After Conviction of a Felony. In an unpublished decision, the court decided to remand the matter for further proceedings. One judge dissented. Lynn had been tried in a bench trial, where he was not found guilty of Feloniously Pointing a Firearm but was convicted on another charge. He received a one-year prison sentence. Lynn argued that the trial court was wrong to convict him based on facts not presented in the original charges and that self-defense was not properly considered. He also contended that the gun found in a warrantless search should not have been used against him. The court looked at the record and saw that there was no big mistake in how the charge was presented, as Lynn admitted to having the gun. They did not agree with Lynn's claim that his mother's consent to the search was not voluntary, stating that he had no right to challenge the search. Therefore, they found no fault in how the trial court handled the case. Lynn further argued that he should be able to use self-defense as a reason for possessing the firearm. He wanted the court to allow a justification defense where a person can temporarily take a gun from an attacker to protect themselves. The court noted that other laws allow people to defend themselves, and it seemed unfair that a convicted felon could not defend their life. In the end, while the court could not change the outcome of the bench trial immediately, they remanded the case back to the district court to look at whether Lynn's self-defense claim could be valid in this situation. Thus, more hearings would be needed to determine the facts and make a final decision.

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F 2000-862

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In OCCA case No. F 2000-862, Taress Lamont Owens appealed his conviction for Unlawful Possession of a Controlled Drug with Intent to Distribute. In an unpublished decision, the court decided to affirm the conviction but vacate the $11,000 fine. One judge dissented. Taress Lamont Owens was found guilty by a jury in a case related to illegal drug possession. He was sentenced to 60 years in prison and a fine of $11,000. Taress believed there were several reasons why his conviction should be overturned or the fine changed, so he appealed the decision. First, he argued that the evidence against him should not have been allowed in court because it was obtained in violation of his rights. However, the judges felt that the search was legal because it was done with consent. They confirmed that the evidence was strong enough to convict him based on the facts of the case. Taress also thought that the evidence presented against him was not enough for a conviction. But the judges disagreed, saying there was sufficient proof that he intended to sell the drugs. He mentioned that some evidence was not relevant to the case, but the judges found the officer’s testimony useful to show the intention behind his actions. Taress raised issues about his rights being violated and that he did not receive proper help from his lawyer during the trial. The judges looked at these claims and stated that there was no proof that he had been poorly represented in court. Finally, while the judges agreed on most points, they all felt that the fine imposed by the jury was too high according to the law. They decided to cancel the fine because the jury's instructions were incorrect regarding whether the fine should be mandatory. In conclusion, the court upheld Taress Lamont Owens' conviction but nullified the excessive fine, allowing him some relief from the financial penalty imposed during the trial.

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